Robson Classification for cesarean section in a Public Hospital in Distrito Federal / Classificação de Robson para cesárea em um Hospital Público do Distrito Federal

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate cesarean taxes by looking at Robson classification on 10 groups (G) and the principal indications at the prevalent groups and at G10. Methods: cross-sectional, observational, retrospective study, including all deliveries performed in a public hospital in Distrito Federal in 2019. Data were collected from medical records and pregnant women were classified in 10 groups. Pearson's chi-squared test was used to calculate the p-value. The risk estimate for cesarean was defined by common odds ratio of Mantel-Haenszel, with calculation of odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI95%). Results: there were 2,205 deliveries, 1,084 (49.1%) of which were cesarean and 1,121 (50.9%) vaginal deliveries. The principal factors for cesarean were G5 (39.3%), G2 (21.2%) and G1 (13.6%). At G10, cesarean had 51.5% of births, not differing statistically from the other groups (p>0.05). Considering all preterm births, G6 to G10 and the other groups, there is a bigger chance of cesarean happening in relation to normal labor (OR=1.4; CI95%= 1.011-2.094; p=0.042). Dystocia remained at G1 and G2, previous cesarean at G5 and hypertensive syndrome at G10. Conclusion: cesarean was most prevalent delivery route, showing elevated rates even in primiparous and preterm births. Preponderance of dystocia and acute fetal distress suggests better evaluation of the diagnostic criteria, mainly in G1, G2 and G10.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar as taxas de cesárea pela classificação de Robson em 10 grupos (G) e as principais indicações nos grupos prevalentes e no G10. Métodos: estudo transversal, observacional, retrospectivo, incluindo todos os nascimentos em um hospital público do Distrito Federal em 2019. Dados coletados de prontuários eletrônicos e as parturientes categorizadas em dez grupos. Teste qui-quadrado de Pearson para o valor de p e razão de chances comum de Mantel-Haenszel para estimativa de risco, com OR e IC95%. Resultados: ocorreram 2.205 nascimentos, 1.084 (49,1%) cesáreas e 1.121 (50,9%) partos normais. Os principais contribuintes para a cesárea foram G5 (39,3%), G2 (21,2%) e G1 (13,6%). No G10, cesárea teve 51,5% dos nascimentos, não diferindo estatisticamente dos demais grupos (p>0,05). Considerando todos os prematuros, G6 ao G10 e demais grupos, há maior chance de cesárea em relação ao parto normal (OR=1,4; IC95%= 1.011-2.094; p=0,042). Distócia prevaleceu nos G1 e G2, Cesárea prévia no G5 e Síndromes hipertensivas no G10. Conclusão: a cesárea mostrou taxas elevadas inclusive nas primíparas e nos prematuros. Predomínio de Distócia e Sofrimento fetal sugerem melhor avaliação destes critérios diagnósticos, principalmente em G1, G2 e G10.

Comparación cesáreas de no emergencia y parto normal, en servicios públicos/privados durante los años 2016-2019 en Chile / Comparison of non-emergency cesarean section and normal childbirth, in public/private services during the years 2016-2019 in Chile

Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) propuso que el porcentaje de cesáreas debería ser entre un 10 y 15%. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, a nivel mundial, se ha visto un aumento en su realización. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la población de embarazadas en Chile durante los años 2016-2019 que tuvieron parto vaginal (PV) o cesárea de no emergencia (CNE), y compararlos entre servicio público y privado. Material y Método: Estudio ecológico realizado en embarazadas que se sometieron a CNE o PV en Chile entre los años 2016-2019. Se obtuvieron datos del Departamento de estadística e información de Salud. No se requirió comité de ética. Resultados: Durante el periodo estudiado hubo 57,60% (339.592) de PV y 42,39% (249.925) de CNE. En el sistema público hubo una diferencia de 54,94% (187.046) de PV por sobre el sistema privado. Mientras que la diferencia de CNE en el sistema privado fue un 10,06% (25.153) por sobre el sistema público. Discusión: Durante los cuatro años, las PV superaron a las CNE, sin embargo, las CNE representaron más del 40% del total de nacimientos, superando ampliamente las recomendaciones de la OMS. Las falencias a nivel nacional en el sistema de clasificación, y en la recopilación de datos limitan el desarrollo de estudios más acabados. Conclusión: Para enfrentar las altas cifras de CNE, es necesario unificar, ampliar y regularizar un base de datos nacional que dé paso a la creación de guías y protocolos que limiten el uso mal justificado de CNE.

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) proposed that the percentage of caesarean sections should be between 10 and 15%. However, in recent years, worldwide, there has been an increase in its realization. The objective of this study was to describe the population of pregnant women in Chile during the years 2016-2019 who had a vaginal delivery (VD) or non-emergency cesarean section (NECS), and to compare them between public and private services. Material and Method: Ecological study carried out in pregnant women who underwent NECS or VD in Chile between the years 2016-2019. Data were obtained from the Department of Statistics and Health Information. No ethics committee was required. Results: During the studied period there were 57.60% (339,592) of VD and 42.39% (249,925) of NECS. In the public system there was a difference of 54.94% (187,046) of VD over the private system. While the difference of NECS in the private system was 10.06% (25,153) over the public system. Discussion: During the four years, VD exceeded NECS, however, NECS represented more than 40% of all births, far exceeding the WHO recommendations. Shortcomings at the national level in the classification system and in data collection limit the development of more complete studies. Conclusion: To face the high numbers of NECS, it is necessary to unify, expand and regularize a national database that gives way to the creation of guides and protocols that limit the poorly justified use of NECS.

Fatores de risco associados à laceração perineal: uma análise baseada nos dados do Inquérito Nascer no Brasil / Risk factors associated with perineal laceration: an analysis based on data from the Survey Birth in Brazil

Introdução: A laceração perineal se caracteriza por trauma nos tecidos perivaginais durante a expulsão fetal no parto vaginal. Inúmeros fatores de risco já foram elucidados pela literatura, todavia, os resultados ainda são divergentes. Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência da laceração perineal e seus principais fatores de risco. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo transversal baseado nos dados do Inquérito "Nascer no Brasil: Inquérito Nacional sobre o Parto e Nascimento" de âmbito nacional e base hospitalar, realizado entre 2011 e 2012, com 23.894 puérperas. Foram excluídas as mulheres com gestação gemelar, que foram submetidas a cesariana e aquelas em que foi realizado episiotomia. A variável dependente, laceração perineal, foi obtida nos registros do questionário da mulher com base na sua percepção. As variáveis independentes foram ,organizadas em três níveis, o distal que se referiu às características sociodemográficas (idade materna, cor da pele, região do domicílio, escolaridade materna e classe econômica), o intermediário referente ao feto/recém-nato (apresentação fetal, peso ao nascer em relação à idade gestacional) e as questões maternas (estado nutricional pré-gestacional, adequação do ganho de peso gestacional e paridade), e o nível proximal que foi constituído pelas condutas e intervenções da equipe obstétrica (indução do trabalho de parto, posição da parturiente adotada no período expulsivo, prescrição de analgésico/ anestesia, manobra de Kristeller, e parto instrumental). A avaliação foi realizada a partir dos resultados das análises bivariadas e seus respectivos valores-p, com nível de significância < 0,20. Para a análise multivariada, foram inseridas as variáveis contidas no nível distal, conservadas no modelo quando significativas. Resultados: Das 5.397 puérperas avaliadas, 48% relataram ter tido laceração perineal. Os fatores associados ao desfecho no nível distal foram a idade materna entre 12 e 19 anos (OR= 1,37; IC 95%: 1,03-1,83) e a região de domicílio (Centro-Oeste (OR= 2,42; IC 95%: 1,49-3,94), Sudeste (OR= 2,31; IC 95%: 1,54-3,46), Sul (OR= 1,73; IC 95%: 1,12-2,68), Nordeste (OR= 1,55; IC 95%: 1,05-2,30). No nível intermediário, foi o peso ao nascimento referente ao recém-nascido pequeno para idade gestacional (OR= 0,53; IC 95%: 0,36-0,80) e a primiparidade (OR= 2,72; IC 95%: 1,99-3,70). No nível proximal, apenas a manobra de Kristeller foi associada ao desfecho (OR= 1,41; IC 95% 1,14-1,75). Conclusão: Ser adolescente, primípara, residir em qualquer região do país, com exceção da Norte e ter experienciado manobra de Kristeller no parto foram fatores que aumentaram a chance de laceração perineal. Todavia, ter tido recém-nascido pequeno para idade gestacional foi um fator protetor. Apesar de inúmeros fatores não serem passíveis de intervenção, reitera-se a relevância da adoção das recomendações de assistência ao parto vigentes.

Introduction: Perineal laceration is characterized by trauma to the perivaginal tissues during fetal expulsion in vaginal delivery. Numerous risk factors have already been elucidated in the literature, however, the results are still divergent. Objective: To verify the prevalence of perineal laceration and its main risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out based on data from the Survey "Birth in Brazil: National Survey on Childbirth and Birth" nationwide and hospital-based, carried out between 2011 and 2012, with 23,894 mothers. Women with twin pregnancies, who underwent cesarean section and those who underwent episiotomy were excluded. The dependent variable, perineal laceration, was obtained from the woman's questionnaire records based on her perception. The independent variables were organized into three levels, the distal one referring to sociodemographic characteristics (maternal age, skin color, region of domicile, maternal education and economic class), the intermediate one referring to the fetus/newborn (fetal presentation, weight at birth in relation to gestational age) and maternal issues (pre-gestational nutritional status, adequacy of gestational weight gain and parity), and the proximal level that was constituted by factors related to the conduct and interventions of the obstetric team (induction of labor delivery, position of the parturient adopted during the second stage, prescription of analgesics/anesthesia, Kristeller maneuver, and instrumental delivery). The evaluation was carried out based on the results of the bivariate analyzes and their respective p-values, with a significance level < 0.20. For the multivariate analysis, the variables contained in the distal level were inserted, kept in the model when significant. Results: Of the 5,397 postpartum women evaluated, 48% reported having had a perineal laceration. Factors associated with the outcome at the distal level were maternal age between 12 and 19 years (OR= 1.37; 95% CI: 1.03-1.83) and region of domicile (Midwest (OR= 2, 42; 95% CI: 1.49-3.94), Southeast (OR= 2.31; 95% CI: 1.54-3.46), South (OR= 1.73; 95% CI: 1. 12-2.68), Northeast (OR= 1.55; 95% CI: 1.05-2.30). At the intermediate level, it was the birth weight for the small-for-gestational-age newborn (OR= 0 .53; 95% CI: 0.36-0.80) and primiparity (OR= 2.72; 95% CI: 1.99-3.70). At the proximal level, only the Kristeller maneuver was associated with outcome (OR= 1.41; 95% CI 1.14-1.75) Conclusion: Being a teenager, primiparous, residing in any region of the country and having experienced the Kristeller maneuver during childbirth were factors that increased the chance of perineal laceration However, having a small-for-gestational-age newborn was a protective factor. Although many factors are not subject to intervention, the importance of adopting care recommendations is reiterated. to delivery in force.

Neonatal Outcomes After Delivery in Water.

OBJECTIVE: To assess neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions and neonatal outcomes after water birth or land birth in an alternative birthing center. METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study of preselected low-risk parturients separated into three groups depending on their location for labor and delivery: land-land, water-land, and water-water. Delivery outcomes, labor length, maternal pain assessment, need for newborn resuscitation, and NICU admission and diagnoses were collected. The primary outcome was admission to the NICU. RESULTS: There were 2,077 total deliveries from April 2015 to December 2019, consisting of 458 land-land deliveries, 730 water-land deliveries, and 889 water-water deliveries. The rate of NICU admission was 2.8% (95% CI 1.5-4.8%) for land-land deliveries, 4.1% (2.8-5.8%) for water-land deliveries, and 2.0% (1.2-3.2%) for water-water deliveries. A post hoc power analysis revealed a 70% power to detect a 2.1% difference in NICU admissions between the water-land and water-water groups. CONCLUSION: In this cohort of low-risk pregnant women, births in water and on land were associated with similar rates of admission to the NICU.

Waterbirth: a national retrospective cohort study of factors associated with its use among women in England.

BACKGROUND: Waterbirth is widely available in English maternity settings for women who are not at increased risk of complications during labour. Immersion in water during labour is associated with a number of maternal benefits. However for birth in water the situation is less clear, with conclusive evidence on safety lacking and little known about the characteristics of women who give birth in water. This retrospective cohort study uses electronic data routinely collected in the course of maternity care in England in 2015-16 to describe the proportion of births recorded as having occurred in water, the characteristics of women who experienced waterbirth and the odds of key maternal and neonatal complications associated with giving birth in water. METHODS: Data were obtained from three population level electronic datasets linked together for the purposes of a national audit of maternity care. The study cohort included women who had no risk factors requiring them to give birth in an obstetric unit according to national guidelines. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine maternal (postpartum haemorrhage of 1500mls or more, obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI)) and neonatal (Apgar score less than 7, neonatal unit admission) outcomes associated with waterbirth. RESULTS: 46,088 low and intermediate risk singleton term spontaneous vaginal births in 35 NHS Trusts in England were included in the analysis cohort. Of these 6264 (13.6%) were recorded as having occurred in water. Waterbirth was more likely in older women up to the age of 40 (adjusted odds ratio (adjOR) for age group 35-39 1.27, 95% confidence interval (1.15,1.41)) and less common in women under 25 (adjOR 18-24 0.76 (0.70, 0.82)), those of higher parity (parity ≥3 adjOR 0.56 (0.47,0.66)) or who were obese (BMI 30-34.9 adjOR 0.77 (0.70,0.85)). Waterbirth was also less likely in black (adjOR 0.42 (0.36, 0.51)) and Asian (adjOR 0.26 (0.23,0.30)) women and in those from areas of increased socioeconomic deprivation (most affluent versus least affluent areas adjOR 0.47 (0.43, 0.52)). There was no association between delivery in water and low Apgar score (adjOR 0.95 (0.66,1.36)) or incidence of OASI (adjOR 1.00 (0.86,1.16)). There was an association between waterbirth and reduced incidence of postpartum haemorrhage (adjOR 0.68 (0.51,0.90)) and neonatal unit admission (adjOR 0.65 (0.53,0.78)). CONCLUSIONS: In this large observational cohort study, there was no association between waterbirth and specific adverse outcomes for either the mother or the baby. There was evidence that white women from higher socioeconomic backgrounds were more likely to be recorded as giving birth in water. Maternity services should focus on ensuring equitable access to waterbirth.

Taxa de parto normal versus cesárea em gestantes com uma cesárea anterior e fatores associados / Normal birth rate versus cesarean in pregnant women and associated factors

Objetivo: Calcular taxa de parto vaginal e cesárea em pacientes com uma cesárea anterior e gestação a termo, bem como fatores associados à recorrência de cesaria- na. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle, por meio de dados de prontuário de gestantes a termo com uma cesárea prévia admitidas para parto na Maternidade Darcy Vargas do município de Joinville (SC), em 2019. Resultados: Foram analisadas 788 pacientes, das quais 331 (42,00%) tiveram parto normal (PN) e 457 (58,00%), cesárea (CS). O grupo PN foi composto por mulheres mais velhas (29; 28) e com mais gestações que o grupo CS, possuindo pelo menos um parto normal prévio (171; 57; p < 0,001). Como fator de risco para recorrência de cesárea, destacou-se a presença de colo desfavorável no momento do parto (47; 356; p < 0,001). Internação por trabalho de parto (284; 92; p < 0,001) e ruptura prematura de membranas (RUPREME) (33; 79; p = 0,030) estão entre os fatores de proteção para ocorrência de uma nova cesariana. Conclusão: A taxa de parto vaginal pós-cesariana (VBAC) foi de 42% e a de parto cesáreo foi de 58%, condi- zente com valores de referência mundiais. O fato de ter um ou mais partos normais anteriores e internar-se em trabalho de parto ou com RUPREME foi fator protetor contra a repetição da cesárea, enquanto o colo desfavorável no momento da inter- nação foi fator de risco. Há grande divergência na literatura, sendo necessários mais estudos para elaborar estratégias que auxiliem profissionais e pacientes a decidirem pela melhor via de parto após cesariana anterior.(AU)

Objective: To calculate the rate of vaginal and cesarean delivery in patients with pre- vious cesarean section and pregnancy to term, as well as factors associated with recur- rent abdominal delivery. Methods: Case-control study, by medical records of pregnant women to term with a previous cesarean section admitted for delivery at Maternity Dar- cy Vargas in the city of Joinville (SC) in 2019. Results: 788 patients, of which 331 (42,00%) had a normal delivery (PN) and 457 (58,00%) cesarean section (CS). The PN group was composed of older women (29;28), and who had more pregnancies than the CS group, having at least 1 previous vaginal birth (171; 57; p < 0,001). As a risk factor for cesarean recurrence, the presence of an unfavorable cervix at the time of delivery was highlighted (47; 356; p < 0,001). Hospitalization for labor (284; 92; p < 0,001) and premature rupture of membranes (33; 79; p = 0,030) are among the protective factors for the occurrence of a new cesarean section. Conclusion: The post-cesarean vaginal birth (VBAC) rate was 42% and the cesarean delivery rate was 58%, consistent with world reference values. The fact of having one or more previous normal bir- ths, hospitalization in labor or with premature rupture of fetal membranes were protective factors against the repetition of cesarean section, while the unfavorable cervix at the time of hospitalization was a risk factor. There is divergence in litera- ture, therefore more studies are needed to develop strategies that help professionals and patients to decide on the best way of delivery after a previous cesarean section.(AU)

Fatores associados às práticas assistenciais ao recém-nascido na sala de parto / Factors associated with care practices for newborns in the delivery room

RESUMO Objetivo identificar os fatores associados às práticas assistenciais ao recém-nascido adotadas na sala de parto de uma maternidade na baixada litorânea do Rio de Janeiro. Método estudo transversal, realizado em instituição pública no estado Rio de Janeiro, mediante coleta de dados em prontuários de nascimentos entre 2015 e 2017. Na associação entre variáveis, adotou-se o Teste Qui-Quadrado e a regressão logística. Resultados entre 351 (100,0%) prontuários, constituíram-se como práticas realizadas na sala de parto: contato pele a pele e aleitamento materno precoce (28,0%); secagem (92,3%); aspiração oronasofaríngea (82,1%); aspiração gástrica (52,7%); aspiração traqueal (12,2%); oxigênio inalatório (7,7%); e encaminhamento ao Alojamento Conjunto (91,1%). O contato precoce com o seio materno esteve associado ao tipo de parto (p=0,043) e às alterações no exame físico (p=0,001). Possuir alterações no exame físico ao nascimento diminuiu significativamente as chances de o bebê ser colocado nessa posição ainda na sala de parto (p=0,001) assim como os recém-nascidos de parto cesáreo (p=0,045). Nascer de cesárea aumentou duas vezes as chances de o recém-nascido ser submetido à aspiração gástrica (p=0,002). Conclusão e implicações para a prática é premente organizar as rotinas dos serviços, de modo a evitar intervenções desnecessárias visando uma atenção obstétrica e neonatal humanizada e de qualidade.

ABSTRACT Objective to identify the factors associated with newborn care practices adopted in the delivery room of a maternity hospital in the coastal lowlands of Rio de Janeiro. Method a cross-sectional was study carried out in a public institution in the state of Rio de Janeiro using data collected from birth records between 2015 and 2017. The chi-square test and logistic regression were adopted to associate the variables. Results among 351 (100.0%) medical records, the following constituted practices performed in the delivery room: skin-to-skin contact and early breastfeeding (28.0%); drying (92.3%); oronasopharyngeal aspiration (82.1%); gastric aspiration (52.7%); tracheal aspiration (12.2%); inhaled oxygen (7.7%); and rooming-in referral (91.1%). Early breastfeeding was associated with the type of delivery (p=0.043) and changes in physical examination (p=0.001). Changes in the physical examination at birth significantly decreased the chances of babies being placed in this position while still in the delivery room (p=0.001), as well as newborns delivered by cesarean section (p=0.045). Being born by cesarean section increased the chances of newborns being submitted to gastric aspiration twice (p=0.002). Conclusion and implications for practice it is urgent to organize the routines of services in order to avoid unnecessary interventions aiming at humanized and quality obstetric and neonatal care.

Fatores associados ao contato pele a pele imediato em uma maternidade / Factores asociados con el contacto inmediato piel a piel en una maternidad / Factors associated with early skin-to-skin contact in a maternity hospital

RESUMO Objetivo Estimar a ocorrência do contato pele a pele imediato e sua associação aos fatores sociodemográficos, obstétricos, assistenciais e de nascimento em uma maternidade da Zona da Mata Mineira. Método Estudo transversal realizado com 222 primíparas por meio de entrevista e dados do prontuário. Os dados foram codificados, categorizados, digitados e analisados pelo programa Epi info 7.0. Utilizou-se a regressão logística múltipla. Resultados A ocorrência do contato pele a pele imediato foi de 30% e foi associado ao: profissional do parto não ser o mesmo do pré-natal (OR 3,17; IC 95% 1,52 -6,62), presença de acompanhante (OR 3,35; IC 95% 1,67-6,73) e realização de parto normal (OR 15,59; IC 95% 7,50-32,41). Conclusão e implicações para a prática É primordial incentivar o parto normal, sensibilizar profissionais e empoderar as mulheres sobre o direito do acompanhante e contato pele a pele, pois este minimiza as intervenções na primeira hora, estimula o vínculo e promove a amamentação.

RESUMEN Objetivo Estimar la prevalencia del contacto inmediato piel a piel y su asociación con factores sociodemográficos, obstétricos, asistenciales y de nacimiento en una sala de maternidad en la Zona de la Mata Minera (Brasil). Método Estudio transversal realizado con 222 mujeres primíparas, a través de entrevistas y datos de registros médicos. Los datos fueron codificados, categorizados, tipificados y analizados por el programa Epi info 7.0. Se utilizó la regresión logística múltiple. Resultados La incidencia del contacto inmediato piel a piel fue del 30% y se asoció con: profesional del parto que no es lo mismo que de la asistencia prenatal (OR 3.17; IC del 95% 1.52 -6.62), presencia de acompañante (OR 3.35; IC 95% 1.67-6.73) y parto normal (OR 15.59; IC 95% 7.50-32.41). Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica Es esencial fomentar el parto normal, sensibilizar a los profesionales y empoderar a las mujeres sobre el derecho del acompañante y el contacto piel a piel, ya que esto minimiza las intervenciones en la primera hora, estimula el vínculo y promueve la lactancia materna.

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the prevalence of early skin-to-skin contact and its association with sociodemographic, obstetric, assistance and birth factors in a maternity located in the Forest Zone of Minas Gerais (southeast Brazil). Method A cross-sectional study was carried out with 222 primiparous women, by means of interview and data from the medical records. The data were coded, categorized, typed and analyzed using the Epi info 7.0 software. Multiple logistic regression was used. Results The occurrence of skin-to-skin contact was 30% and was associated with: professional delivery not being the same as prenatal care (OR 3.17; 95% CI 1.52 -6.62), presence of companion (OR 3.35; 95% CI 1.67-6.73) and normal delivery (OR 15.59; 95% CI 7.50-32.41). Conclusion and implications for practice It is essential to encourage normal childbirth, sensitize professionals and empower women about the right of the companion and skin-to-skin contact, as this minimizes interventions in the first hour, stimulates mother-baby bond and promotes breastfeeding.

Understanding how midwives employed by the National Health Service facilitate women's alternative birthing choices: Findings from a feminist pragmatist study.

UK legislation and government policy favour women's rights to bodily autonomy and active involvement in childbirth decision-making including the right to decline recommendations of care/treatment. However, evidence suggests that both women and maternity professionals can face challenges enacting decisions outside of sociocultural norms. This study explored how NHS midwives facilitated women's alternative physiological birthing choices-defined in this study as 'birth choices that go outside of local/national maternity guidelines or when women decline recommended treatment of care, in the pursuit of a physiological birth'. The study was underpinned by a feminist pragmatist theoretical framework and narrative methodology was used to collect professional stories of practice via self-written narratives and interviews. Through purposive and snowball sampling, a diverse sample in terms of age, years of experience, workplace settings and model of care they operated within, 45 NHS midwives from across the UK were recruited. Data were analysed using narrative thematic that generated four themes that described midwives' processes of facilitating women's alternative physiological births: 1. Relationship building, 2. Processes of support and facilitation, 3. Behind the scenes, 4. Birth facilitation. Collectively, the midwives were involved in a wide range of alternative birth choices across all birth settings. Fundamental to their practice was the development of mutually trusting relationships with the women which were strongly asserted a key component of safe care. The participants highlighted a wide range of personal and advanced clinical skills which was framed within an inherent desire to meet the women's needs. Capturing what has been successfully achieved within institutionalised settings, specifically how, maternity providers may benefit from the findings of this study.

Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Hospital-Based Deliveries With Water Immersion.

OBJECTIVE: To compare neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) or special care nursery admission for deliveries with water immersion compared with deliveries in the matched control group without water immersion. Secondary outcomes included adverse neonatal diagnoses, maternal infections, and perineal lacerations. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study using electronic health record data (2014-2018) from two health systems (eight hospitals), with similar clinical eligibility, associated with low risks of intrapartum complications, and implementation policies for waterbirth. The water immersion group included women intending waterbirth. Water immersion was recorded prospectively during delivery. The comparison population were women who met the clinical eligibility criteria for waterbirth but did not experience water immersion during labor. Comparison cases were matched (1:1) using propensity scores. Outcomes were compared using Fischer's exact tests and logistic regression with stratification by stage of water immersion. RESULTS: Of the 583 women with water immersion, 34.1% (199) experienced first-stage water immersion only, 65.9% (384) experienced second-stage immersion, of whom 12.0% (70) exited during second stage, and 53.9% (314) completed delivery in the water. Neonatal intensive care unit or special care nursery admissions were lower for second-stage water immersion deliveries than deliveries in the control group (odds ratio [OR] 0.3, 95% CI 0.2-0.7). Lacerations were lower in the second-stage immersion group (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.4-0.7). Neonatal intensive care unit or special care nursery admissions and lacerations were not different between the first-stage immersion group and their matched comparisons. Cord avulsions occurred for 0.8% of second-stage water immersion deliveries compared with none in the control groups. Five-minute Apgar score (less than 7), maternal infections, and other adverse outcomes were not significantly different between either the first- or second-stage water immersion groups and their control group. CONCLUSION: Hospital-based deliveries with second-stage water immersion had lower risk of NICU or special care nursery admission and perineal lacerations than matched deliveries in the control group without water immersion.

Profile on childbirth care at a public maternity hospital / Perfil da assistência ao parto em uma maternidade pública

Abstract Objectives: to describe the profile on childbirth care at a reference maternity hospital in the State of Piauí based on the 2018 World Health Organization Recommendations. Methods: retrospective cross-sectional quantitative study, descriptive documentary, population census, containing vaginal deliveries performed in 2017. The data was entered in Microsoft Excel for simple statistical analysis. Results: the percentages registered at the Centro Obstétrico Superior (Superior Obstetric Center) and Centro de Parto Normal (Normal Delivery Center) were, respectively, 85.5% and 98% with the presence of a companion, 34.2% and 94% used the partogram, 63.8% and 98% took non-pharmacological methods for pain relief, 74.8% and 98.7% received fluids during labor. Amniotomy at 15.2% and 17.2%, oxytocin was administered at 26.5% and 14.6% in the 1st and 2nd periods, non-lithotomic position at 39.7% and 93.4%, episiotomy 9.9% and 6.6%. After birth, 85.5% and 96% of newborns had skin-to-skin contact and, in 65.5% and 94% there were maternal breastfeeding promotion. Conclusions: this study comprehended the indicators on childbirth care service, which are, in general, better than the national and the northeast region ones. The importance of registering indicators to evaluate care is emphasized.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever o perfil da assistência ao parto em uma maternidade de referência do estado do Piauí, a partir das Recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde de 2018. Métodos: estudo quantitativo transversal retrospectivo, descritivo documental, população censitária, contendo os partos vaginais realizados em 2017. Os dados foram inseridos no Microsoft Excel para análise estatística simples. Resultados: os percentuais registrados no Centro Obstétrico e Centro de Parto Normal foram, respectivamente, 85,5% e 98% da presença de acompanhante, 34,2% e 94% utilizaram partograma, 63,8% e 98% métodos não-farmacológicos para alívio da dor, 74,8% e 98,7% receberam líquidos durante o trabalho de parto. Amniotomia em 15,2% e 17,2%, ocitocina foi administrada em 26,5% e 14,6% no 1° e 2a períodos, posição não-litotômica em 39,7% e 93, 4%, episiotomia 9,9% e 6,6%. Após o nascimento, 85, 5% e 96% dos recém-nascidos em contato pele a pele e, em 65,5% e 94% houve promoção do aleitamento materno. Conclusões: este estudo permitiu conhecer os indicadores de assistência ao parto do serviço, que de maneira geral estão melhores que os indicadores nacionais e da região nordeste. Ressalta-se a importância do registro de indicadores para a avaliação da assistência.

Evolución en 12 años de los indicadores de lactancia materna y factores asociados en un Centro de Salud acreditado IHAN / 12-year evolution of breastfeeding indicators and associated factors in a recently accredited as BFHI Health Center

INTRODUCCIÓN: La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda la lactancia materna exclusiva 6 meses y la mantenida hasta 2 años o más. Nuestro objetivo es estudiar la evolución de indicadores de lactancia (duración, porcentajes de inicio y mantenimiento hasta los 12 meses) en los últimos 12 años en nuestro centro, acreditado recientemente como Centro de Salud IHAN, y la asociación de estos indicadores con distintos factores: educación maternal, forma de nacimiento (parto vaginal o cesárea) y tipo de maternidad (pública o privada). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo de cohorte con 803 lactantes nacidos en dos periodos de tiempo separados 12 años: 2003-2004 y 2015-2016. Datos recogidos por entrevista personal en las revisiones del niño sano. RESULTADOS: La mediana de duración de la lactancia ha mejorado de forma significativa en el segundo periodo (10 meses) respecto al primero (5 meses; p <0,001); también los porcentajes de lactancia al nacimiento y hasta 12 meses (p <0,05). La asistencia a educación maternal ha sido el factor que se asocia de forma más significativa a estos indicadores en ambos periodos; también el parto vaginal (en el primer periodo) y la maternidad pública (en el segundo). Estos resultados se confirman en el análisis multivariante. CONCLUSIONES: En estos 12 años se ha producido una mejora significativa en los indicadores de lactancia de nuestro centro. Los factores favorables para iniciar y mantener la lactancia materna son asistir a los cursos de educación maternal (el más importante), nacer por parto vaginal y en maternidad pública

INTRODUCTION: WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and continue up to the age of 2 years or beyond. Our objective is to study the evolution of lactation indicators (length, start and maintenance up to 12 months percentages) in the last 12 years in our health center, recently accredited as BFHI, and the association of these indicators with different factors: prenatal education, childbirth (vaginal delivery or cesarean section) and hospital maternity (public or private). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective descriptive cohort study with 803 infants born in two periods separated from each other 12 years: 2003-2004 and 2015-2016. Data collected by personal interview in pediatric health checks. RESULTS: Lactation length (median) has improved significantly in the second period (10 months) compared to first one (5 months; p <0.001); lactation percentages at birth and up to 12 months also improved (p <0.05). Attending prenatal education courses was the most significantly associated factor with these indicators in both periods; it was also significant the association with vaginal delivery (in first period) and public hospital maternity (in second period). These results are confirmed in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: There has been a significant improvement on our health center lactation indicators in these 12 years. Favorable factors to initiate and maintain breastfeeding are attending prenatal education courses (the most important), and childbirth by vaginal delivery and at a public hospital maternity

Relationship between the type of delivery and the epidemiological profile of prenatal and perinatal assistance in a municipality of Minas Gerais / Relação do tipo de parto com o perfil epidemiológico da assistência pré-natal e perinatal em um município de Minas Gerais

Abstract Objectives: to describe the profile of prenatal and perinatal health by correlating it with sociodemographic and clinical conditions, verifying the effectiveness of health actions. Methods: quantitative, descriptive and retrospective research using data from the Live Birth Information System (Sinasc) of the municipality of Patos de Minas in the period of 2011 to 2015. Results: between 2011 and 2014 there was a reduction in the rate of vaginal births and a slight increase in 2015, however, the rates of cesarean delivery were higher than recommended by the Ministry of Health. In both types of delivery, most pregnant women attended seven or more prenatal consultations, however, this rate was significantly higher for pregnant women who underwent cesarean section. Maternal age > 35 years was also related to cesarean delivery, however, there was no significant relationship between type of delivery, the gestation time, birth weight and occurrence of maternal death. Conclusions: during the analyzed period there were more cesarean sections in relation to vaginal deliveries, with no significant change in the number of maternal deaths. A significant association was found between the highest number of prenatal consultations and maternal age > 35 years in pregnant women who underwent caesarean section. Verification of these associations can help in reorienting health practices in the region.

Resumo Objetivos: traçar o perfil da saúde pré-natal e perinatal relacionando-o com as condições sociodemográficas e clínicas, verificando a efetividade das ações de saúde. Métodos: pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva e retrospectiva com dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (Sinasc) do município de Patos de Minas no período de 2011-2015. Resultados: entre 2011-2014 houve redução na taxa de partos vaginais, com leve aumento em 2015, todavia, as taxas de parto cesáreo foram maiores que o preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde. Em ambos os tipos de parto, a maioria das gestantes compareceram em sete ou mais consultas pré-natais, entretanto, essa taxa foi significativamente maior para as gestantes que se submeteram à operação cesariana. A idade materna >35 anos também esteve relacionada ao parto cesáreo, entretanto, não houve relação significativa entre o tipo de parto, a duração da gestação, o peso ao nascer e a ocorrência de óbito materno. Conclusões: no período analisado ocorreram mais operações cesarianas em relação aos partos vaginais, sem alteração significativa no número de óbitos maternos. Constatou-se associação significativa entre o maior número de consultas pré-natais e idade materna >35 anos em gestantes que fizeram cesarianas. A verificação dessas associações pode auxiliar na reorientação das práticas de saúde da região.

Waterbirth in low-risk pregnancy: An exploration of women's experiences.

AIMS: To explore retrospective descriptions about benefits, negative experiences and preparatory information related to waterbirths. DESIGN: A qualitative study. METHODS: Women who gave birth in water with healthy pregnancies and low-risk births were consecutively recruited between December 2015-October 2018 from two birthing units in Sweden. All who gave birth in water during the recruitment period were included (N = 155) and 111 responded to the survey. Women were emailed a web-based survey six weeks postpartum. Open-ended questions were analysed with qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Two themes were identified related to benefits: (a) physical benefits: the water eases labour progression while offering buoyancy and pain relief; and (b) psychological benefits: improved relaxation and control in a demedicalized and safe setting. Two themes were identified related to negative experiences: (a) equipment-related issues due to the construction of the tub and issues related to being immersed in water; and (b) fears and worries related to waterbirth. In regard to preparatory information, respondents reported a lack of general and specific information related to waterbirths, even after they contacted birthing units to ask questions. Supplemental web-based information was sought, but the trustworthiness of these sources was questioned and a need for trustworthy web-based information was articulated. CONCLUSION: Women who give birth in water experience physical and psychological benefits, but need better equipment and sufficient information. There is room for improvement with regard to prenatal and intrapartum care of women who give birth in water. IMPACT: Judging from women's recounts, midwives and nurses should continue advocating waterbirth in low-risk pregnancies. The lack of adequate equipment in Swedish birthing units articulated by women challenge current routines and resources. The findings illustrate unfulfilled needs for preparatory information about waterbirth, further strengthening that midwives should discuss the possibility of waterbirth when meeting expectant parents in the antenatal setting.

Does natural birth have a circadian rhythm?

The aim of this study was to investigate whether natural birth has a circadian rhythm. The present study was planned as a retrospective descriptive study of the natural births performed in a Maternity and Children's Diseases Training and Research Hospital in the north of Turkey between January 1 and December 31. The study included 723 (98.9%) cases of natural birth. It was found that the mean age of the women in the study sample was 26.84 ± 5.83 years and the mean gestational age was 38.98 ± 1.95 years. It was determined that the mean labour duration of the women was 12.47 ± 0.78 hours; of all births, 34.6% occurred between 08:00-16:00 hours, 38.2% occurred between 16:01-00:00 hours and 27.2% occurred between 00:01-07:59 hours. Considering the birth time in terms of month, it was observed that the most common birth month was July and the least common birth month was March. In accordance with the study data, it is observed that the labour process occurred at night in the day/night cycle and in the summer months at a higher rate.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? Chronological transitions are of critical importance for pregnancy. There are many mechanisms affecting Labour process. One of the most important mechanisms among these is the release and timing of foetal-maternal hormones. The chronological transitions are critical for a normal pregnancy and any temporary alteration may have detrimental effects for foetal development and/or maternal healthWhat the results of this study add? It is observed that births occur at a higher rate at night hours in the day-night cycle and in summer months, and in terms of day, Wednesday is the most common birth day. Considering these results, although it is thought that the levels of hormones released at night lead the birth to occur mostly at night-time hours and non-fully developed thermoregulatory system and sympathetic nervous systems of foetus and sensitivity to temperature may be effective on the number of births in summer months, it is seen that the data are insufficient to reach this conclusion.What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? It is believed that the foetus has a biological clock. This is parallel to fluctuating levels of various hormones affecting labour and delivery, which may be a positive influence on the labour process itself. It seems that more study results are required in addition to these results.

Factors associated with obstetric interventions in public maternity hospitals / Fatores associados a intervenções obstétricas em maternidades públicas

Abstract Objectives: to identify the prevalence and factors associated with obstetric interventions in parturients assisted in public maternity hospitals. Methods: a cross-sectional study with 344 puerperal women, from two public maternity hospitals, referring to childbirth by Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) (Public Health Service System) in Londrina City, Paraná, Brazil, between January and June 2017. The medical records were the data source. The following obstetric interventions were considered: oxytocin use, artificial rupture of the membranes, instrumental childbirth and episiotomy. Multivariate Poisson regression was used to analyze associated factors, with p<5% being significant. Results: the prevalence of obstetric intervention was 55.5%, the maximum number of interventions in the same parturient woman was three. The most frequent interventions were the use of oxytocin (50.0%) and artificial rupture of membranes (29.7%). The variables associated on maternal disease (p=0.005) and intrapartum meconium (p=0.022) independently increased, the risk of obstetric intervention, while dilation was equal to or greater than 5 cm at admission, there was a protective factor against this outcome (p=0.030). Conclusion: the prevalence of obstetric interventions was high. In the case of maternal disease and intrapartum meconium, special attention should be given to the parturient woman, in order to avoid unnecessary interventions. Thus, the maternity hospitals need to review their protocols, seeking good practices in childbirth care.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados a intervenções obstétricas em parturientes atendidas em maternidades públicas. Métodos: estudo transversal, com 344 puérperas, de duas maternidades públicas, referência ao parto pelo Sistema Único de Saúde no município de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil, entre janeiro e junho de 2017. Constituíram fonte de dados os prontuários hospitalares. As seguintes intervenções obstétricas foram consideradas: uso de ocitocina, rotura artificial das membranas, parto instrumental e realização de episiotomia. Para análise dos fatores associados utilizou-se a regressão multivariada de Poisson, sendo significativo p<5%. Resultados: a prevalência de intervenção obstétrica foi de 55,5%, o número máximo de intervenções em uma mesma parturiente foi três. As intervenções mais frequentes foram o uso de ocitocina (50,0%) e a rotura artificial das membranas (29,7%). As variáveis doença materna associada (p=0,005) e mecônio intraparto (p=0,022) aumentaram, de maneira independente, o risco de intervenção obstétrica, enquanto que a dilatação igual ou superior a 5 cm na internação constituiu fator de proteção a esse desfecho (p= 0,030). Conclusão: a prevalência de intervenções obstétricas foi elevada. Na vigência de doença materna e de mecônio intraparto, especial atenção deve ser dedicada à parturiente, para que sejam evitadas intervenções desnecessárias, assim as maternidades precisam rever seus protocolos, buscando as boas práticas de atenção ao parto.

Gastrosquisis: análisis de situación entre los años 2011 y 2016 en el Hospital Pediátrico Pereira Rosell / Gastroschisis: study of the situation in the period between 2011-2016 at the Pereira Rossell Pediatric Hospital / Gastrosquise: análise da situação entre 2011 e 2016 no Hospital Pediátrico Pereira Rosell

La gastrosquisis es el defecto congénito más frecuente de la pared abdominal anterior. Se clasifican en simple o complicadas según si presentan o no anomalías a nivel intestinal. El diagnóstico prenatal se realiza en un 75%-95% de los pacientes. El tratamiento es quirúrgico, lográndose un cierre primario en el 80% de los casos. La mortalidad global reportada a nivel internacional es de un 10%. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo transversal en el que se analizaron los pacientes con gastrosquisis operados en el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell entre el primero de enero de 2011 y el 30 de mayo de 2016. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: incidencia de la patología, edad materna, edad gestacional al diagnóstico y al nacimiento, vía de nacimiento, anomalías asociadas, técnica quirúrgica, incidencia de complicaciones y mortalidad. En el período estudiado se intervinieron 62 pacientes con diagnóstico de gastrosquisis, de los cuales 48 fetos (77,4%) tenían diagnóstico prenatal. El 53,2% nacieron por parto vaginal y 53 % nacieron pretérmino. En el 85,5% se logró realizar un cierre primario. El 69,4% de los neonatos presentaron complicaciones, siendo las infecciosas las más frecuentes. La mortalidad fue de 12,9%, siendo la sepsis la causa más frecuente. Si bien hemos mejorado en el índice de diagnóstico prenatal y en la vía de nacimiento, y las cifras de tratamiento y mortalidad se encuentran dentro de las cifras publicadas a nivel internacional, existe un elevado número de complicaciones infecciosas, que condicionan la evolución y pronóstico de estos pacientes.

Gastroschisis is the most frequent congenital defect of the anterior abdominal wall. They are classified as simple or complicated according to whether or not they present abnormalities at the intestinal level. Prenatal diagnosis is made in 75%-95% of the patients. The treatment is surgical, achieving a primary closure in 80% of cases. The global mortality reported at an international level is 10%. A cross-sectional retrospective observational study was performed in which gastroschisis patients operated at the Pediatric Hospital of the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center between January 1, 2011 and May 30, 2016 were analyzed. The following variables were studied: the pathology, maternal age, gestational age at diagnosis and at birth, birth route, associated anomalies, surgical technique, incidence of complications and mortality. In the period under study, 62 patients diagnosed with gastroschisis were operated on, of which 48 fetuses (77.4%) had a prenatal diagnosis. 53.2% were born by vaginal delivery and 53% were born preterm. In 85.5% a primary closure was achieved. 69.4% of the neonates presented complications, infectious being the most frequent. Mortality was 12.9%, with sepsis being the most frequent cause. Although we have improved in the prenatal diagnosis index and in the route of birth, and the figures of treatment and mortality are among the figures published internationally, there is a high number of infectious complications, which condition the evolution and prognosis of these patients.

A gastrosquise é o defeito congênito mais freqüente da parede abdominal anterior. São classificadas como simples ou complicadas de acordo com a presença ou não de anormalidades no nível intestinal. O diagnóstico pré-natal é feito em 75% a 95% dos pacientes. O tratamento é cirúrgico, atingindo o fechamento primário em 80% dos casos. A mortalidade global reportada a nível internacional é de 10%. Um estudo observacional transversal foi realizado em gastrosquise retrospectiva que os pacientes operados no Hospital Pediátrico Pereira Rossell Hospital do Centro entre 1 de Janeiro de 2011 e 30 maio de 2016 foram analisados. As variáveis estudadas foram: a patologia, idade materna, idade gestacional no diagnóstico e no nascimento, rota nascimento, anomalias associadas, técnica cirúrgica, a incidência de complicações e mortalidade. No período em estudo, 62 pacientes diagnosticados com gastrosquise foram operados, dos quais 48 fetos (77,4%) tiveram o diagnóstico pré-natal. 53,2% nasceram por parto vaginal e 53% nasceram prematuros. Em 85,5%, um fechamento primário foi alcançado. 69,4% dos neonatos com o ser infeccioso mais freqüente. A mortalidade foi de 12,9%, sendo a sepse a causa mais freqüente. Temos melhorado, embora diagnóstico pré-natal no índice e na rota de nascimento, e os números de tratamento e mortalidade estão entre os números publicados Internacionalmente, há um elevado número de complicações infecciosas, que condicionam a evolução eo prognóstico desses pacientes.

Who Gives Birth in the Water? A Retrospective Cohort Study of Intended versus Completed Waterbirths.

INTRODUCTION: Most waterbirth studies have been conducted outside the United States with a primary focus on birth outcomes. Studies to date provide limited information about how often women choosing waterbirth end water immersion before the birth and about the reasons for tub exit. This study examines a cohort of women intending a hospital-based waterbirth and documents the timing and reasons for tub exit. Demographic, clinical, and intrapartum care provider characteristics among women completing waterbirth were compared with those who exited the water prior to birth. METHODS: This is a collaborative, multisite study from 2 health systems (8 hospitals) using retrospective electronic health records from August 2014 through December 2017. RESULTS: Of 576 women who entered the waterbirth tub, 48% exited prior to the birth. The primary reasons for exit were maternal choice (50%), medical indication (32%), and provider decision (13%). Women exiting in the first stage did so primarily by choice (57%), whereas medical indication (42%) was the most common reason among women exiting in the second stage. Women who completed waterbirth did not differ from those who exited prior to birth with regard to age, race, ethnicity, country of origin, language, marital status, or intrapartum care provider specialty. Women completing waterbirth were more likely to have previously given birth (72% vs 47%) and to have a provider with more water immersion births during the study period (65% vs 55%). DISCUSSION: Giving birth in the tub was associated with parity and intrapartum care provider experience. Half of the women intending waterbirth in this study exited the tub, with variation in exit reason by stage and provider type. It is important for women to understand that they or their provider may change the birth plan based on labor progress and maternal experience.

Water Birth Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes Among Midwifery Clients in Alberta, Canada, from 2014 to 2017: A Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate retrospectively the maternal and neonatal outcomes of water births (WBs) managed by Registered Midwives in Alberta compared with traditional or "land" vaginal birth outcomes for clinical evidence or knowledge and to assist in health care management planning. METHODS: This study was a retrospective cohort comparison of maternal and neonatal outcomes of WB (1716) and traditional or land birth (non-WB) (21 320) from selected low-risk maternal cohorts with spontaneous onset of labour and vaginal delivery in Alberta (2014-2017) using Alberta Perinatal Health Program data sets. Anonymized client and patient records linked the Alberta Perinatal Health Program data with inpatient Discharge Abstract Database for newborn and/or maternal personal health number (PHN/ULI) analyzed using SPSS 19.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) (Canadian Task Force Classification II-2). RESULTS: The WB group had fewer and less severe perineal lacerations despite increased macrosomia. The non-WB group had increased maternal factors (age <20 years, third- to fourth-degree perineal tears, excessive blood loss) and neonatal factors (Apgar scores <7 at 5 minutes and neonatal intensive care unit admission). No significant difference was identified between the birth groups for maternal age >35 years, primiparous status, maternal fever, maternal puerperal infection, maternal intensive care unit admission, low birth weight, neonatal resuscitation, and neonatal intensive care unit admission <28 days of life. CONCLUSIONS: A low-risk maternal cohort of WBs (1716) managed by midwives had equivalent or improved neonatal outcomes compared with a low-risk maternal cohort of land or traditional births (21 320) managed by midwives and other maternity providers.

The influence of the lunar cycle on spontaneous deliveries in historical rural environments.

BACKGROUND: Many societies and their medical practitioners throughout the world have historically linked lunar phases to the frequency of births. During more recent decades, academics have discussed this alleged relationship using modern data, obtaining differing results. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to analyse the relationship between the phases of the moon and the frequency of deliveries in a rural historical context without electricity, and among women of low nutritional status. These characteristics are similar to some current rural areas in certain developing countries. The exceptionality of this case will allow us to test several of the existing theories on how the moon could influence births, particularly those related to lunar light. We will also analyse nulliparous and multiparous differences over the very long term. STUDY DESIGN: This study is a retrospective cohort analysis. In total, 23,689 births have been considered for 1484 lunar cycles between 1810 and 1929. Birth registers have been obtained from the Catholic parish archives of 10 rural Spanish agrarian villages. All the deliveries analysed were natural, without any medical follow-up, within the home and with little medical assistance. RESULTS: Using simple descriptive statistical techniques, we can conclude that there is no pattern with which to link lunar phases with the frequency of births. We can also conclude that neither electricity nor the rural environment affects this alleged relationship; neither have we found any relationship related to either the nulliparous or the multiparous and lunar phases. CONCLUSION: The analysis of a 120-year period has shown that there is no predictable influence of the lunar phases on the frequency of births. The myth of such a lunar influence can claim no scientific evidence from a historical perspective. Neither the arrival of the electric light nor the lower number of deliveries per woman have modified birth patterns. Deliveries by rural women of low nutritional status are not linked to the phases of the moon, and consequently the medical services in developing countries should disregard this belief; they do not need to take account of the phases of the moon with respect to their daily organisation.